Solid-state fundamentals (e.g., tunneling, diffusion/drift current, energy bands, doping bands, p-n theory), Discrete devices (diodes, transistors, BJT, CMOS) and models and their performance, Bias circuits, Amplifiers (e.g., single-stage/common emitter, differential), Operational amplifiers (ideal, non-ideal), Instrumentation (e.g., measurements, data acquisition, transducers), Power electronics. Single phase and three phase, Transmission and distribution, Voltage regulation, Transformers, Motors and generators, Power factor (pf).