Block diagrams (feed-forward, feedback), Bode plots, Closed-loop and open-loop response, Controller performance (gain, PID), steady-state errors, Root locus, Stability, State variables. Number systems, Boolean logic, Logic gates and circuits, Logic minimization (e.g., SOP, POS, Karnaugh maps), Flip-flops and counters, Programmable logic devices and gate arrays, State machine design, Data path/controller design, Timing (diagrams, asynchronous inputs, races, hazards).