Chemical (e.g., corrosion, ions, diffusion), Electrical (e.g., conductivity, resistivity, permittivity, magnetic permeability) , Mechanical (e.g., piezoelectric, strength), Thermal (e.g., conductivity, expansion)

Time value of money (e.g., present worth, annual worth, future worth, rate of return), Cost (e.g., incremental, average, sunk, estimating), Economic analyses (e.g., breakeven, benefit-cost, optimal economic life), Uncertainty (e.g., expected value and risk), Project selection (e.g., comparison of unequal life projects,lease/buy/make, depreciation, discounted cash flow)